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Genocide in Ethnic Conflict in Rwanda

On April 7, 1994, the massacre of about 500 thousand to one million moderate Tutsis and Hutus began for 100 days. In Rwanda, the dark history of genocide is accepted in inter-ethnic conflict.

The Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda have continued to flare up since independence from Belgium and the dissolution of the monarchic government led by the Tutsi king. On April 7, 1994, the turmoil culminated in genocide.

Hutu extremists who are the major ethnic ethnic groups in the country slaughtered Tutsis and moderate Hutus. Ethnic minority Tutsis are targets and targets of violence.

About 85 percent of Rwandans are ethnic Hutus and the rest are Tutsi and other smaller ethnic groups. Although a minority, Tutsi has long been known to occupy many sectors of leadership and government.

Reported by History, the direct roots of the 1994 genocide began in the early 1990s, when Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, began using anti-Tutsi rhetoric to consolidate his power among the Hutus. In early October 1990 there was already a massacre of Tutsi.

Although the two ethnic groups have been very similar in sharing the same language and culture for centuries, the law requires registration based on ethnicity. The Rwandan government and army began to gather the Interahamwe (which means those who attacked together) and prepared to eliminate Tutsi by arming the Hutus with weapons and machetes. In January 1994, UN peacekeeping forces in Rwanda warned that a major massacre was imminent.

On the day before the massacre began, President Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down. That added fire to the Hutu extremists to Tutsi, because they thought the plane was shot by the Tutsi military organization or the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).

The Hutu extremists in the military, led by Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, immediately acted to kill Tutsis and moderate Hutus within hours of the accident. The following day the Belgian peacekeepers were killed so the United Nations withdrew troops from Rwanda.

After that, radio stations in Rwanda broadcast hate propaganda to kill all Tutsis in the country. National army and police directed the massacre and threatened Hutu civilians. Thousands of Tutsis were tortured to death with machetes by their own neighbors and even some husbands killed their Tutsi wives because the militias threatened to kill if they refused.

Despite the terrible crimes, the international community including the United States is hesitant to take any action. They mistakenly regard genocide as chaos in the middle of a tribal war. President Bill Clinton later called America’s failure to do anything to stop genocide as the biggest regret of his administration.

That was left to the RPF, led by Paul Kagame to start a military campaign that finally succeeded in controlling Rwanda. In the summer, the RPF defeated the Hutu forces and drove them out of the country and into several neighboring countries. However, at that time, an estimated 75 percent of Tutsi living in Rwanda had been killed.

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Genocide In Spanish

The April Fool’s celebration, which always ends with excitement and satisfaction, actually starts from a major tragedy that is very sad and heartbreaking. April Fool’s Day or “The April Fool’s Day” begins with an episode of the history of Muslim Spain in 1487 or coincides with 892 H. Before arriving at the tragedy, it is a good idea to look at Spanish history first while still under Islamic rule.

Since Islam was liberated in the 8th century AD by Commander Tariq bin Ziyad, Spain has gradually grown into a prosperous country. Islamic forces not only stopped in Spain, but continued to liberate in neighboring countries to France. Southern France can easily be freed. The city of Carcassone, Nimes, Bordeaux, Lyon, Poitou, Tours and so on fell. Although very strong, Islamic forces still tolerate the Goth and Navaro tribes in the western part of the mountains.

Islam has illuminated Spain. Because the attitude of the Islamic rulers was so kind and humble, many Spaniards who later sincerely and sincerely embraced Islam. Spanish Muslims are not only Muslim, but they truly practice Islamic life. They not only read the Qur’an, but also behave according to the Qur’an. They always say “no” to music, beer, promiscuity, and everything that is forbidden by Islam. This peaceful situation lasted for almost six centuries.

The History of “April Fool”

During those six centuries, the infidels who still exist around Spain tirelessly continued to try to rid Islam of Spain, but always failed. A number of spies were sent to study the weaknesses of Muslims in Spain. Finally, the spy found a way to conquer Islam in Spain, which must first weaken their faith first by attacking thought and culture.

So start secretly they send alcohol and cigarettes for free into the territory of Spain. Music is played to persuade young people to prefer singing and dancing rather than reading the Qur’an. They also sent a number of fake clerics whose work blew divisions within the bodies of Spanish Muslims. Over time this effort bore fruit.

Finally, Spain fell and could be controlled by the Crusaders. The attack by the Crusaders was really carried out cruelly without knowing humanity. Not only Islamic forces were slaughtered, but also civilians, women, small children, old people, all killed cruelly.

One by one the regions in Spain fell. Granada was the last to be conquered. The Muslim population in Spain (also called the Moors) was forced to take shelter in the house to save themselves. Christian soldiers continued to pursue them.

When the streets were quiet, leaving only thousands of corpses lying in a pool of blood, the Crusaders learned that many Granada Muslims were still hiding in homes. Loud the Crusaders shouted the announcement, that the Muslims of Granada could get out of the house safely and were allowed to sail out of Spain with their needs.

“We have prepared ships that will take you out of Spain at the port. We guarantee your safety if you want to get out of Spain, after this we will no longer give guarantees! ” Thus persuaded the Crusaders.

Muslims are still suspicious of this offer. Some of the Muslims are allowed to see the passenger ships that have been prepared at the port. After really seeing a ship that has been prepared, then they immediately prepare to leave Granada together to the ships. They were preparing to sail.

The next day, thousands of Granada’s Muslim residents came out of their homes, carrying all their necessities along the way to the harbor. Some Muslims who did not believe the Crusaders survived and continued to hide in their homes. After thousands of Spanish Muslims gathered at the port, the Crusaders quickly searched the houses that the inhabitants had left. Tongues of fire were seen lapping up the sky when the Crusaders burned the houses together with the Muslims who still survived in them.

While thousands of Muslims detained at the port could only be stunned, when the Crusaders also burned ships said to be carrying them out of Spain. The ships quickly sank. Thousands of Muslims cannot do anything because they are totally unarmed. They also consist mostly of women and children who are still small. Meanwhile, the Crusaders had surrounded them with drawn swords.

With a shout from the leader, thousands of Crusaders immediately slaughtered and finished off the Muslims of Spain without feeling of mercy. Crying and takbir blaring. With a ferocious Crusaders continued to kill civilians who were completely helpless.

All Spanish Muslims in the harbor were cruelly killed. Blood welled everywhere. The blue sea has turned blackish red. This tragedy coincides with April 1. This is then commemorated by the Christian world every April 1 as April Fool’s Day (The April Fool’s Day).

For Muslims, April Fool is certainly a very sad tragedy. The day thousands of brothers and sisters in the faith were “slaughtered” and massacred by the Crusaders in Granada, Spain. Therefore, it is very inappropriate if there are Muslims who join in celebrating this tradition. Because, by participating in celebrating April Fool’s Day, the Muslims actually rejoiced and laughed at the tragedy. Whoever is a Muslim who celebrates April Fools, is actually celebrating the anniversary of the massacre of thousands of his brothers in Granada, Spain, a few centuries ago.

“Surely the disbelievers are plotting evil deeds in the best way.” [Surah Ath Thaariq 86: 15]

“And I made a plan (too) with the truth.” [Surah Ath Thaariq 86: 16]

“Therefore give the unbelievers tough, that is, give them respite for a while.” [Surah Ath Thaariq 86: 17]

April Fools’ Day, a day where you can cheat others

April Fools are days when “they” may deceive others as a joke. Brother, every time before April 1, usually many of us will be so busy and carried away with Western culture. Many are preparing to celebrate by making big plans to deceive other people / closest friends / relatives.

O Muslims, be careful of this culture. Avoid ourselves from doing wrong, especially April Fool is not Islamic culture.

But do you know how many of us do not know the harsh reality of history that befell the Spanish Muslims behind the April Fools celebration? The tragedy of the slaughter of Spanish Muslims.

“The Jews and Christians will not be happy with you until you follow their religion. Say: ‘Verily Allah’s instructions are (true) instructions’. And truly if you follow their will after knowledge comes to you, then God will no longer be a protector and a helper to you. ” (QS Albaqarah 2: 120)

In a history it was stated, that the Jews of Medina and the Najran Nashara hoped that the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam prayed facing their qibla. When Allah Subhanahu wata’ala turned the Qibla to the Kaaba, they objected. They conspired and tried to make the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam approve the qibla in accordance with their religion. Then the above verse (Q. 2: 120) goes down which explains that the Jews and the people of Nashara will not be happy with the Prophet Muhammad, even if his wish is granted. (Narrated by Tsa’labi sourced from Ibn Abbas)

As said by Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, for all time, they will never lose their enemies of Islam to always destroy Islam and extinguish the light of Allah Subhanahu wata’ala. Various ways they will do, including the history of the slaughter of Spanish Muslims also April 1 developed into an April Fool’s celebration.

Sadly, ignorant Muslims also commemorate April Fool’s Day. Without realizing, they actually celebrated the anniversary of the mass murder of their own Muslim brothers.

O Muslims, be careful of this culture. Avoid ourselves from doing wrong. Remind our fellow Muslims. Remember that April 1 was the day of the massacre of the Spanish Muslims. And the important thing is, in the Koran & Hadith there are no orders which can deceive others as a joke.

May Allah always open the door to repentance for us. Amiiin ..

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5 Facts on the Murder of Indians by Europeans

The Americans we know today come from various tribes and races. However, did you know that there used to be a Native American tribe? They are an Indian tribe.

However, they were slaughtered by Europeans. This massacre was claimed even more cruel than the massacre carried out by the Nazis. It is estimated that there were 50-100 million Indian inhabitants who were slaughtered at that time. Then, what are the facts about the massacre of Indian tribes? Following the review.

1. Europeans want to control American soil

Since long time ago, Europeans have been known as people who like to carry out expeditions outside Europe, one of which is Christopher Columbus. He made an expedition to the American plains to expand the territory.

Columbus thought that the American plains were areas that had no inhabitants. However, after arriving, it turns out he found Indians in the American plains. However, that did not dampen his intention to control the American territory.

2. To rule America, the Europeans wanted to drive out Indian tribes

Initially, Columbus was welcomed by Indian tribes. The only way to control the American territory is by expelling Indians.

Knowing Columbus’s bad intentions, the Indians felt threatened. Finally, Indian tribes began to fight with Europeans. As a result, a number of Columbus’s fleet was sunk by Indians.

3. Massacres committed by Europeans

To be able to control the American territory, eventually the Europeans began to fight. They began to slaughter Indian tribes.

To seize American territory, Europeans used sophisticated weapons to carry out resistance. Meanwhile, Indian tribes only use traditional weapons so that many people from Indian tribes are killed.

4. Spread of the seeds of deadly diseases by Europeans

To seize the American plains from the Indians, Europeans did not only wage war. They also spread the seeds of disease to Indian tribes.

This spread was carried out through mice that were spread to Indian tribal residents. Many Indian tribes are affected by epidemics of dangerous diseases such as typhus and leptospirosis. The spread of this outbreak made the population of the Indian tribes immediately reduced drastically.

5. The Europeans finally gradually gained control of the American territory

After a long war, Europeans in America experienced an increase in population. Meanwhile, the Indian population is decreasing.

Since the United States began on July 4, 1776, Europeans have continued to carry out massacres. That’s because the Indians do not want to leave the American territory.

Because of the declining population of Indian tribes, this caused the Europeans to finally gain control of the American territory slowly.

That is the fact of the massacre of Indian tribes carried out by Europeans. In fact, before Europeans came to America, Indians lived in peace.

However, everything changed after the Europeans came to America. Indian tribes slaughtered by Europeans in order to control America. So, at this time the United States was created as a result of European colonization of Indian tribes.

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Indian Genocide

Indian Genocide: Slaughter of Native Americans in the Name of ‘Civilization’

On a cold day in May 1758, a 10-year-old girl with red hair and freckles on her face, caring for the children of neighbors in rural western Pennsylvania. In a few moments, Mary Campbell’s life changed forever, when Delaware Indians kidnapped her and included her in their community for the next six years.

He was the first of about 200 known cases of kidnapping white people, many of whom were at stake in the ongoing power struggle that included European countries, American colonies, and indigenous peoples who tried hard to defend their population, land, and their way of life.

Although Mary finally returned to her white family – and some evidence shows that she had lived happily with the Indians who adopted her – her experience was a warning to white settlers, which sparked fears of barbarous Indians, and created paranoia which escalated into hatred of Indian tribes.

Reporting from History.com, since Europeans arrived on the American coast, the coastal region became a shared space between conflicting differences, which caused the government of the United States (US) to authorize more than 1,500 wars, attacks and raids against Indians —The most attacks ever done by any country in the world against its original inhabitants.

At the end of the Indian War at the end of the 19th century, around 238 thousand native populations still remained — a sharp decline from the estimated 5 million to 15 million Indian tribes who lived in North America when Columbus arrived in 1492.

There are many reasons for this racial genocide. The invaders – most of whom were prohibited from inheriting property in Europe – arrived on the American coast and thirsty for Indian land, and the abundant natural resources that accompanied it. Indian collusion with Britain during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, exacerbated American hostility and suspicion of them.

Even more basic, Indians are too different: Their skin is dark. Their language is foreign. And their worldview and spiritual beliefs are beyond the comprehension of most white people. For the invaders who were afraid that their loved ones might become the next Mary Campbell, all this sparked racial hatred and paranoia, which made it easy for them to describe the Indians as bar people who had to be killed in the name of civilization and Christianity.

The following are some of the most aggressive acts of genocide ever committed against Native Americans, according to a History.com report:

GNADDENHUTTEN MASSACRES
In 1782, a group of Moravian Protestants in Ohio killed 96 Christian Delaware Indians, which illustrates the increasing insult to the natives. Captain David Williamson ordered repentant Delaware citizens – blamed for attacks on white settlements – to go to a can shop, where the militias beat them to death with wooden hammers and axes.

Ironically, the Delaware were the first Indians to arrest a white settler and the first to sign a US-Indian agreement four years earlier — an agreement that set a precedent for 374 Indian agreements over the next 100 years.

Often using the common phrase “peace and friendship”, 229 this agreement caused the tribal lands to be surrendered to the rapidly developing United States. Many of these agreements negotiated US-Indian trade relations, and established trading systems to overthrow the British and their goods — especially weapons that they put in Indian hands.

TIPPECANOE BATTLE
In the early 1800s, the revival of the charismatic warlord Shawnee, Tecumseh, and his brother, known as the ‘Prophet’, convinced the Indians of various tribes, that it was in their interest to stop tribal disputes and band together to protect their common interests.

Also read: Cambodia’s Nightmare: The Day When the Khmer Rouge Genocide Begins

The decision by Indiana County Governor (who later became President) William Henry Harrison in 1811 to attack and burn Prophetstown – the Indian capital on the Tippecanoe River – while Tecumseh was campaigning among the Choctaws to get more soldiers, incited the Shawnee leader to attack again .

This time he persuaded Britain to fight with his soldiers against America. Tecumseh’s death and defeat at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, made the Ohio border “safe” for settlers — at least temporarily.

CREEK WAR
In the South, the War of 1812 changed to the Muskogee Creek War of 1813-1814 — also known as the Red Scepter War. Being an inter-tribal conflict between the Creek Indian factions, the war also involved US militias, along with Britain and Spain, who supported the Indians to help prevent America from violating their interests.

Creek’s initial victory inspired General Andrew Jackson to retaliate with 2,500 people – mostly Tennessee militiamen – in early November 1814. In retaliation for the Creek-led massacre at Fort Mims, Jackson and his men slaughtered 186 Creek tribes in Tallushatchee. “We shoot them like dogs,” said Davy Crockett.

Desperately, the Muskogee Creek women killed their children, so that their children would not see the soldiers slaughtering them. When a woman is about to kill her baby, the famous Indian warrior, Andrew Jackson, takes the child from his mother. Later, he gave the Indian baby to his wife, Rachel, and raised him like their own child.

Jackson then wins the Red Stick War in a decisive battle at Horseshoe Bend. The next agreement requires that Creek surrender more than 21 million hectares of land to the United States.

FORCED DISPOSAL
One of the most contentious issues on the Congress floor was the Indian Expulsion Bill of 1830, which was pushed by then President Andrew Jackson. Although it was attacked by many legislators and called amoral, the bill was finally passed in the Senate by a margin of nine votes, 29 to 17, and by a smaller margin in the DPR.

In Jackson’s thoughts, more than three dozen eastern tribes blocked what he saw as settler rights to clear the wilderness, build houses, and plant cotton and other plants.

In his annual address to Congress in 1833, Jackson denounced the Indians, stating, “They do not have the intelligence, industry, moral habits, or desire for improvement that is important for making every change. Being in the midst of another superior race … they must surrender to the power of circumstances, before disappearing. “

From 1830 to 1840, US troops removed 60,000 Indians — Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and others — from the East in return for new territory west of Mississippi. Thousands of people died along the road known as the “Tear trail”. And as white people continue to push westward, the territory for Indians continues to shrink.

MANKATO EXECUTION
Provisions promised to the Indians through government treaties were later realized, which made Dakota Sioux residents – who were banned on land on the Minnesota border – hungry and desperate.

After the raid on the nearby white farm for food led to a deadly dispute, Dakota residents resumed their search, leading to the Little Crow War of 1862, in which 490 settlers – mostly women and children – were killed.

President Lincoln sent an army, which defeated the citizens of Dakota; and after a series of mass trials, more than 300 Dakota men were sentenced to death.

Although Lincoln reduced most of the sentence, on the day after Christmas in Mankato, military officials hanged 38 Dakota citizens at once — the largest mass execution in American history. More than 4,000 people gathered on the streets to watch, many carrying picnic baskets. Thirty-eight people were buried in shallow graves along the Minnesota River, but doctors dug up most of the bodies to be used as medical corpses.

SLAUGHTER SAND CREEK
The Indians who fought to defend their people and protect their homeland, provided much justification for American troops to kill Indians on the border, even for those who were peaceful.

On November 29, 1864, a former Methodist pastor, John Chivington, led a surprise attack on peaceful Cheyennes and Arapahos at Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado. His force consisted of 700 people, mainly volunteers in the First and Third Colorado Regiments.

Drunk from drinking too much the previous night, Chivington and his men bragged that they would kill the Indians. Once upon a time, Chivington stated, “Away with those who sympathize with the Indians! I came to kill Indians, and I believe it is right and honorable to use all means under God’s heaven to kill Indians. “

On that cold morning, Chivington led his army against 200 Cheyennes and Arapahos. Cheyenne Black Kettle leader, had tied the American flag to the pole of his cabin when he was ordered, to show that his village wanted to make peace. When Chivington ordered the attack, Black Kettle tied a white flag under the American flag, calling on his people that the soldiers would not kill them. But as many as 160 people were slaughtered, mostly women and children.

CUSTER CAMPAIGN
This time, a war hero from the Civil War appeared in the West. George Armstrong Custer rode with the Irish Seventh Cavalry, mostly Irish. Custer wants fame, and killing Indians – especially those who are peaceful and not hoping to be attacked – is an opportunity.

On orders from General Philip Sheridan, Custer and the Seventh Cavalry attacked Cheyennes and their Arapaho allies on the western border of the Indian Territory on November 29, 1868, near the Washita River. After slaughtering 103 soldiers, plus women and children, Custer told Sheridan that “a great victory had been achieved,” and described that, “One, the Indians were asleep. Two, women and children don’t give much resistance. Three, Indians are confused by our policy changes. “

Custer then led the Seventh Cavalry in the northern plains against Lakota, Arapahos, and North Cheyennes. He boasted, “The Seventh Cavalry can handle whatever it encounters,” and “there are not enough Indians in the world to defeat the Seventh Cavalry.”

Hoping for another big victory, Custer attacked the gathering of the greatest warriors on the plateau on June 25, 1876 – near the Little Big Horn river in Montana. Custer’s death at the hands of the Indians increased propaganda for military revenge, to bring “peace” to the border.

WOUNDED KNEE
Anti-Indian anger increased in the late 1880s, when the spiritual Ghost Dance movement emerged, which spread to dozens of tribes in 16 states, and threatened attempts to assimilate tribal communities culturally.

Ghost Dance – which taught that Indians had been defeated and locked up because they had angered the gods by abandoning their traditional customs – called for rejection of the white man’s way of life.

Also read: ‘Never Again’: The 25th Anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide

In December 1890 — a few weeks after the famous Sioux Sitting Bull Chief was killed when captured — the US Army’s Seventh Cavalry massacred 150 to 200 Ghost Dance members in Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

For the massacre they committed against Lakota, President Benjamin Harrison gave about 20 soldiers the Medal of Honor.

RESILIENCE
Three years after Wounded Knee, Professor Frederick Jackson Turner announced at a small meeting of historians in Chicago, that “the borders have been closed,” with his famous thesis that put forward American exclusions.

The famous statue of James Earle Fraser’s “End of the Trail” – which debuted in 1915 at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition in San Francisco – exemplifies the idea of a race that was destroyed and disappeared. Ironically, more than 100 years later, the American Indian population has survived into the 21st century and swelled to more than 5 million people, according to History.com.

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5 Miraculous Facts of the 100 Million Genocide of Indian Tribes

So far, we consider that the most terrible genocide tragedy occurred in the Nazi era led by Hilter and the Soviet led by Stalin. At that time millions of people were slaughtered in a terrible way, some were shot, left to starve to be given poison gas so that death was rapid and numerous. The times of the first and second world wars were long periods where human lives were like worthless trash.

Long before the massacre of millions of people occurred in the era of the two dictators above. The American Plains has experienced for hundreds of years. Even since the arrival of Europeans to America, the slaughter of millions of Native Indian tribes has begun. The amount is not kidding, it is estimated there are 50-100 million Indian tribes killed by cruelly slaughtered by Europeans who came. The following is a full review.

1. Bringing Deadly Seedlings
Before the arrival of Europeans to America occurred. The vast continent is a very peaceful region. There is no such thing as division which eventually leads to the death of many people. When Europeans entered, the territory in America gradually began to be controlled because it contained a lot of natural resources which were very abundant.

To get soil in America, a germ of the disease below from Europe. Indians who are still very natural are certainly not immune to diseases such as typhus, yellow fever to leptospirosis spread by mice. As a result, the Indian population is sharply thinning. Even in parts of Massachusetts alone, 90% of the population died as a result of the epidemic brought by Europeans.

2. Land grabs with mass slaughter
Indian tribes initially welcomed the arrival of Europeans who supposedly began with the arrival of Columbus. This good reception was responded to in a terrible way. Nations from Europe actually want a lot of land in America. Although only migrants, the greedy attitude of the Europeans made the Indians hate and drive them out.

Know not liked, the Europeans finally made several strategic territorial struggles. They do everything from threatening with sophisticated weapons to committing murder. Finally, gradually a lot of land in America occupied by European nations, especially the British and French empires.

3. The Great War That Occurred Over Tens of Decades
Native American tribes certainly do not want to just land is colonized and made a colony of immigrants. Eventually they put up a massive resistance to defend their territory which was running low. The Europeans who eventually founded America became furious with this relentless endeavor, and finally they mobilized a large army to wage a big war.

At least from 1776-1815, war with Indian tribes was carried out on a very large scale. The American founding nation carried out mass killings of Indian tribes in the villages without mercy. In those days, it was not uncommon to find villages full of dead bodies scattered about. Oh yes, in addition to carrying out attacks with gunfire and explosions, Europeans also carry diseases such as dysentery and smallpox which are very dangerous.

4. Bulk cleaning of Indians
The American founder is very greedy and willing to do anything to get his way. One of the things done by them is to make rules for eviction. Many Indians were asked to move to the territory they had provided. If the Indians refuse to leave, the American government has the right to force, condemn to the point of possible direct murder.

This transfer certainly made many Indians refuse. They are Native Americans, how could they go and not get their ancestral land. Eventually many Indians refused to be relocated to the provided zone. The effect is of course the slaughter of many innocent Indian tribes blindly.

5. The biggest slaughter to the unforgettable
Perhaps the biggest massacre in America occurred during the California Gold Rush. When gold was discovered in California. Knowing this Indians certainly do not want to be told to go to another region. Eventually there was war and mass slaughter only because gold was sought after by migrants in the American region.

Furthermore, there was an Indian War that took place in several areas such as Sand Creek, Bear River to Wonded Knee. These wars, the slaughter is absolutely unstoppable. Millions of Indians were slaughtered in a terrible way. Violence and destruction like the apocalypse that occurred in the region will not be forgotten by the Indians until now.

Here are five sad facts about the massacre of millions of Indian tribes in America. In the past, this Native American tribe was treated like trash by immigrants. Owned land for thousands of years must be seized and eventually become modern America as it is now.

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History of 800 Years of Islamic Power in Andalusia

Granada is the last stronghold of Muslims in Andalusia. With the collapse of Granada also ended the period of Islamic rule in mainland Siberia. Eight centuries is not a short time. Islamic power in Andalusia is the longest power in the history of the Islamic state and kingdom.

Islam entered Andalusia in 92 H. At that time, Andalusia was controlled by the Goths (Gothic). Led by Musa bin Nushair and Tariq bin Ziyad, the Muslims in North Africa entered the blue continent. From the beginning of entering and controlling Andalusia, Muslims directly built the foundations of civilization. Until Andalusia became the Tower of knowledge and religion in the heart of Europe.

To make it easier for us to know the long history of Muslims in Andalusia, here we present the periodization of Muslim power in the Iberian land.

First Period, Period of al-Wulat (Governors) 92-138 H.

In the historical dictionary, this first period is known as the Wulat period. Wulat is the plural of the word wali (leader). This period began from the conquest of Andalusia until the end of the Umayyad Daula. Initially, Andalusia was the territory of the Umayyad Daula which had its capital city in Damascus. During this time, Andalusia was led by 23 Umayyad governors. This initial condition is the tripe base condition. To the extent that some of his governors died on the European jihad field. Both to defend the territory and for expansion. This period was marked by several important events. Among them:

First: The spread of racism issues

This first period was marked by the spread of racial sensitivity in the midst of war troops. Among Arab races consisting of the Qays, Yemen and other regions. With the Berbers of the original inhabitants of North Africa. This issue raises serious problems. Until the result of civil war. And not a few lives are lost. Because of this dispute, the northern regions of Andalusia were separated from the power of the Muslims. Disputes like this became the biggest cause that led to the collapse of Islam in Andalusia.

Second: The spread of Khawarij thought.

The entry of Khawarij thought from the Middle East to Morocco and Andalusia. The Umayyads continued to pressure the Khawarij group from the Middle East. They fled to North Africa. Then they embraced the Berbers who felt subordinated. With the spread of Khawarij understanding, a rebellion emerged. Development is slow. Because of the instability of the country.

Third: Exhausted Energy for France

In this period, Muslims repeatedly tried to conquer France. But failed. The climax was in 114 AH, during the Balath Martyrdom War. A large number of Muslims died in this war. Until it was called Balath Syuhada (home of the martyrs). Among those who died was a tabi’in Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi.

Second Period, Umayyad Daula II Period (138 – 238 H)

This period was a response to the collapse of the Umayyad Daula in Damascus. The great kingdom collapsed, defeated by the Abbasids. After collapsing in Damascus, the Bani Umayyah clan suffered a massacre. But there are young people who survived. His name is Abdurrahman. Later he was known as Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil. He fled to Andalusia. Then managed to consolidate the remnants of the Umayyad forces there. Finally, at a very young age, 25 years old, he succeeded in establishing Daula Umayyah II in Andalusia.

Standing in 138, for the next 100 years the kingdom was built by four kings. They are Abdurrahman who received laqob ad-Dakhil. Then his son named Hisham. After that, his grandson named al-Hakam. Beriktunya, his great-grandson who is also named Abdurrahman. This period is the golden age of the Umayyads II Daula in Andalusia. At this time there were several important events. Among them:

First: Rebellions that occur repeatedly.

Uprisings at this time were led by Arab tribes who refused to submit to the Umayyad Daula II who were foaming in Cordoba. These revolts were crushed by Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil.

Second: Attack of the Abbasids.

After successfully destroying the Umayyad Daula in Damascus, the Abbasid Daula based in Baghdad wanted to complete their mission. They also wanted to conquer the new Umayyad Daula standing in Andalus. But all their efforts end up failing.

Third: Attack of the European Empire

Seeing the strength of the Islamic state in Andalusia, European kingdoms did not remain silent. They held resistance. Among the kingdoms of Aragon and Lyon. They tried to restore the power of their ancestors, but they were no match for the Umayyad Daula at the time.

Fourth: heyday

Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil succeeded in building a strong kingdom. Stable and strong government. Respected military. And strategic military bases. Then he inherited the power to his children

Fifth: Rapid Development

During this period, especially during Abdurrahman II, there was rapid development. Prosperity is spread. Some even live in luxury. This glory period gradually made negligent. Came out places of music and useless activities.

Sixth: Cries of rebellion against Daula Umayyah II.

Third Period, First Stage Setback (238-300 H)

After strong leaders and developed countries emerged, sunnatullah proceeded. Not always that glory is present. Likewise, Daula Umayyah II in Andalusia. In 238 AH, the period of decline began. This is the first stage of the decline of Muslims in Andalusia.

At this time Umayyad Daula II was led by three kings. These three kings faced rebellion in the border region. Beginning dark shadows in the Islamic kingdom. Among the important events of this period are:

First: Disintegration Occurs

Many territories declared independence from the Umayyad Daula’s rule in Cordoba. Especially the northern and southern regions.

Second: Racial Issues Reappear.

Conflict between the Arabs and the Berbers re-emerged. Especially in the southern part of the kingdom.

Third: Rebellion arises from Arab descendants

There was a rebellion from people of Arab descent. They are the Spaniards who are descended from Arab and Berber marriages. Arabs and Berbers who converted to Islam were called al-Maulud. While their descendants who still hold Christianity are known as al-Musta’rob. This last group became the thorn in the flesh in the history of Muslims in Andalusia.

Fourth Period, Return to Glory (300-368 H)

This fourth period Umayyad Daula II extended the breath of their glory. But it did not last long, only sixty-eight years. Only two kings in power at this time, Abdurrahaman an-Nashir and his son, al-Hakam al-Mustanshir. Abdurrahman an-Nashir succeeded in restoring the glory of Islam in Andalusia after the previous lethargy. He also re-established the union that was before being torn apart.

Because of his great strength and strong legality, Abdurrahman an-Nashir came to be called a caliph. He managed to expand the territory, advance the kingdom, and spread knowledge.

Fifth Period, Masa al-Hajib al-Mansur (368-399 H)

This period is the best period that has never been achieved in previous periods. At this time, the person who ran the government was al-Hajib al-Mansur bin Abi Amir. While the Caliph Hisham was only a mere symbol. This is due to his age that is still so young. He was still a 10-year-old child when his father, al-Hakam al-Mustanshir, died.

Al-Mansur was the largest and most powerful leader ever to lead Andalusians. His strength exceeds Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil though. Jihad fi sabilillah is so powerful in this age. Al-Mansur led up to 50 battles against Spanish Christians. Not once did he experience defeat. For the first time the entire territory of Spain was controlled by the Muslims. With such great achievements, there are still people who do not support it. Even fighting it.

In 392 AH, al-Hajib al-Mansur died. His position was replaced by his son, Abdul Malik. The child succeeded in continuing his father’s reign until 399 AH. After that Andalus was possessed by hypocrisy and darkness for a long time.

The journey of Muslims in Andalusia is not always beautiful. There is a period of progress. There is also a setback. Eight hundred years was decorated with a period of development of science. Also a time of division. Even at the end of the story there was a very terrible event. They were slaughtered. Evicted from Andalusia. And forced into apostasy.

In this second article, we will read about the journey of Muslims in Andalusia in the sixth to tenth periods.

Sixth Period, Period of Chaos and Collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate (399-422 AH).

In this period, successive Andalusians were led by weak Caliphs. The authority of the Umayyad Daula also fell. No doubt this event raises a series of problems. Starting with the call from a group of people to help the Christians in the north in the fight against the kingdom. Then the prick of thorns in the flesh of the Berbers strengthened. They prepared a strategy of resistance against the kingdom. Worse than that, a number of areas in Andalusia, especially in the south, declared independence. Then a strong state emerged. They are known as Daula Bani Hamud.

The main event in this period was the return of ‘ashobiyah (tribal fanatics). Between Arabic and Berbers. And new players emerged, the Saqaliba (European slaves). Initially, al-Hajib al-Mansur employed these people with the aim of equalizing classes between Arabs and Berbers. It turned out that later on, al-Hajib al-Mansur’s policy covered the same problem.

Seventh Period, Little Kings (422-483 AH)

This period is a time of decline and division. A time when Andalusia was previously only controlled by one Islamic kingdom. Now split into small kingdoms that are generally weak. Their kings are power hungry. The leadership is held by the family or tribe. This matter sharpened the issue of race in Andalusia.

The small kingdom that ruled Andalusia at that time consisted of 22 kingdoms. The Berbers controlled the south. Saqaliba to the east. The rest was held by Bani Umayyah clans. Important events that occurred at this time were:

First: Degradation of the Morals of the Kings

The leader will be an example of the people. Their gestures are so visible. Because they are the main characters in the country. So that what they do will quickly spread and affect their people. At this time, leaders transmit weak, timid, and inattentive qualities. As a result, the movement of Christians in the north was not monitored by them.

Second: There was a Civil War

Because they were hungry for power, these little kings fought each other against other Muslim kings. They want to expand their power. War among Muslims is inevitable. Each of these Muslim kingdoms cooperated with their neighboring Christian kingdoms to fight the Muslim empire which became their enemy. This is the peak of the downturn in this period. Establish cooperation with Christians to fight Muslims. There is no more principle of al-waladan al-bara. Loyalty to Muslims. And not loyal to non-Muslims.

Third: Christian union in the North

When the condition of the Muslims was so bad, the Christians in the north actually strengthened their unity. They united under the leadership of Raja Alfonso VI. Under his leadership, Christianity won a great victory over the Muslims in Andalusia. Among the great victories he achieved was to take the City of Toledo. The city that used to be the capital of Andalusia. This victory had such a big impact. Victory whose impact was felt until the collapse of Andalusia.

Fourth: The emergence of tribal fanatics. At this time, tribal fanatics among Muslims in Andalusia were very thick.

Eighth Period, Murabithun Period (484-539 H)

In this period, Muslims again felt a part of the previous glory. The Murabithun were instrumental in conquering the small kingdoms in Andalusia and then melting them into their territory. The kingdom, centered in North Africa, was led by a powerful king named Yusuf bin Tasyfin.

Yusuf bin Tasyfin managed to restore the authority of Muslims in Andalusia. So that Muslims are more respected and respected by Spanish crusaders. He succeeded in crossing his troops from North Africa to Andalusia and defeated the Spanish crusaders in the Zalaqah War (BattleofSagrajas) in 479 H. He succeeded in urging Christians and blocking their crimes against Andalusian Muslims. After getting the victory, Yusuf bin Tasyfin returned to the center of his government in Morocco.

A few years later he returned to Andalusia to fight the small kings who returned to war and endangered the Muslims of Andalusia. The Andalus scholars supported Yusuf bin Tasyfin’s policy. Because there is no other way but to conquer the kings in order to realize unity and strength. This mission was successfully completed in 484 AH

In 609 AH, the crusaders succeeded in gaining a great victory over Muwahhidun in the Battle of al-qIqab (Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa). They bent the Muwahhidun and hastened its collapse. In fact, the Andalusian Muslims also repeatedly rebelled against Muwahhidun. Most likely the trigger was the corrupt creed of the rulers of this kingdom.

Tenth Period, the Reign of Bani al-Ahmar in Granada (630-897 AH)

After the collapse of Muwahhidun, Andalusia was again divided into small, weak regions. This situation makes it easier for Spanish Christians to master them. Successive strategic cities fell into their hands. Starting in Valecia, Cordoba, Murcia and Seville fell in a short time. this situation forced the Muslims to migrate to the Kingdom of Granada in southern Andalus. A kingdom founded by Muhammad bin Yusuf an-Nashri. Whose laqob is Ibn al-Ahmar. His power was passed on by his descendants to collapse in 897 H.

For more than two hundred years, this small kingdom has been crushed to withstand the onslaught of Spanish Christians. In the midst of the protests and boycotts, Granada managed to survive independently. They are supported by people whose profession varies. Starting from farmers, traders, and industry. This is what sustains the economic and military strength of Granada. In addition, they also get help from the Bani Marin in Morocco. They support Granada with mediation and weapons to deal with the Spaniards.

Granada reached the peak of its glory during the reign of Muhammad V of the Children of Ahmar 763 H. After that there was division and civil war in the middle of the Children of Ahmar. In particular the dispute between Ali Abu Hasan and his son Abu Abdullah. Damage to the royal body was inevitable. On the other hand, the kings of Spain united under the leadership of Ferdiand and Isabela. They all allied themselves against Granada.

Beginning in 895 AH, the Spaniards mercilessly stormed Granada. Finally Granada gave up. Precisely on 21 Muharam 897 H. Collapse was the last stronghold of Muslims in Andalusia. With the collapse of Granada, Muslims face a new chapter. A very heartbreaking history to tell. Millions of Muslims were slaughtered and tortured. Others are forced to convert to Christianity. This is the closing page of the 800 years of Muslim rule in Andalusia.